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A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays bend via refraction to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky.[1] The word comes to English via the French(se) mirer, from the Latinmirari, meaning 'to look at, to wonder at'.[2]
Mirages can be categorized as 'inferior' (meaning lower), 'superior' (meaning higher) and 'Fata Morgana', one kind of superior mirage consisting of a series of unusually elaborate, vertically stacked images, which form one rapidly changing mirage.
In contrast to a hallucination, a mirage is a real optical phenomenon that can be captured on camera, since light rays are actually refracted to form the false image at the observer's location. What the image appears to represent, however, is determined by the interpretive faculties of the human mind. For example, inferior images on land are very easily mistaken for the reflections from a small body of water.
Inferior mirage[edit]
In an inferior mirage, the mirage image appears below the real object. The real object in an inferior mirage is the (blue) sky or any distant (therefore bluish) object in that same direction. The mirage causes the observer to see a bright and bluish patch on the ground.
Light rays coming from a particular distant object all travel through nearly the same layers of air, and all are refracted at about the same angle. Therefore, rays coming from the top of the object will arrive lower than those from the bottom. The image is usually upside down, enhancing the illusion that the sky image seen in the distance is a specular reflection on a puddle of water or oil acting as a mirror.
Inferior images are not stable. Since warmer air rises while cooler air (being denser) sinks, the layers will mix, causing turbulence. The image will be distorted accordingly; it may vibrate and/or be extended vertically (towering) or horizontally (stooping). If several temperature layers are present, several mirages may mix, perhaps causing double images. In any case, mirages are usually not larger than about half a degree high (roughly the angular diameter of the Sun and Moon) and are from objects between dozens of meters and a few kilometers away.
Heat haze[edit]
Heat haze, also called heat shimmer, refers to the inferior mirage observed when viewing objects through a mass of heated air. Common instances when heat haze occurs include images of objects viewed across asphalt concrete (also known as tarmac) roads and over masonry rooftops on hot days, above and behind fire (as in burning candles, patio heaters, and campfires), and through exhaust gases from jet engines. When appearing on roads due to the hot asphalt, it is often referred to as a 'highway mirage'.
Convection causes the temperature of the air to vary, and the variation between the hot air at the surface of the road and the denser cool air above it creates a gradient in the refractive index of the air. This produces a blurred shimmering effect, which hinders the ability to resolve the image and increases when the image is magnified through a telescope or telephoto lens.
Light from the sky at a shallow angle to the road is refracted by the index gradient, making it appear as if the sky is reflected by the road's surface. The mind interprets this as a pool of water on the road, since water also reflects the sky. The illusion fades as the observer approaches the miraged object.
On tarmac roads, it may appear as if water, or even oil, has been spilled. This kind of inferior mirage is often called a 'desert mirage' or 'highway mirage'. Both sand and tarmac can become very hot when exposed to the sun, easily being more than 10 °C (18 °F) higher than the air a meter above, enough to make conditions suitable to cause the mirage.
Heat haze is not related to the atmospheric phenomenon of haze.
Superior mirage[edit]
A superior mirage is one in which the mirage image appears to be located above the real object. A superior mirage occurs when the air below the line of sight is colder than the air above it. This unusual arrangement is called a temperature inversion, since warm air above cold air is the opposite of the normal temperature gradient of the atmosphere during the daytime. Passing through the temperature inversion, the light rays are bent down, and so the image appears above the true object, hence the name superior. Superior mirages tend to be more stable than inferior mirages, as cold air has no tendency to move up and warm air has no tendency to move down.
Superior mirages are quite common in polar regions, especially over large sheets of ice that have a uniform low temperature. Superior mirages also occur at more moderate latitudes, although in those cases they are weaker and tend to be less smooth and stable. For example, a distant shoreline may appear to tower and look higher (and, thus, perhaps closer) than it really is. Because of the turbulence, there appear to be dancing spikes and towers. This type of mirage is also called the Fata Morgana or hafgerdingar in the Icelandic language.[3]
A superior mirage can be right-side up or upside down, depending on the distance of the true object and the temperature gradient. Often the image appears as a distorted mixture of up and down parts.
Since Earth is round, if the downward bending curvature of light rays is about the same as the curvature of the Earth, light rays can travel large distances, including from beyond the horizon. This was observed and documented in 1596, when a ship in search of the Northeast passage became stuck in the ice at Novaya Zemlya, above the Arctic Circle. The Sun appeared to rise two weeks earlier than expected; the real Sun had still been below the horizon, but its light rays followed the curvature of the Earth. This effect is often called a Novaya Zemlya mirage. For every 111.12 kilometres (69.05 mi) that light rays travel parallel to the Earth's surface, the Sun will appear 1° higher on the horizon. The inversion layer must have just the right temperature gradient over the whole distance to make this possible.
In the same way, ships that are so far away that they should not be visible above the geometric horizon may appear on or even above the horizon as superior mirages. This may explain some stories about flying ships or coastal cities in the sky, as described by some polar explorers. These are examples of so-called Arctic mirages, or hillingar in Icelandic.
If the vertical temperature gradient is +12.9 °C per 100 meters (where the positive sign means temperature gets hotter as one goes higher) then horizontal light rays will just follow the curvature of the Earth, and the horizon will appear flat. If the gradient is less (as it almost always is) the rays are not bent enough and get lost in space, which is the normal situation of a spherical, convex 'horizon'.
In some situations, distant objects can get elevated or lowered, stretched or shortened with no mirage involved.
Fata Morgana[edit]
A Fata Morgana (the name comes from the Italian translation of Morgan le Fay, the fairy shapeshifting half-sister of King Arthur) is a very complex superior mirage. It appears with alternations of compressed and stretched areas, erect images, and inverted images.[4] A Fata Morgana is also a fast-changing mirage.
Fata Morgana mirages are most common in polar regions, especially over large sheets of ice with a uniform low temperature, but they can be observed almost anywhere. In polar regions, a Fata Morgana may be observed on cold days; in desert areas and over oceans and lakes, a Fata Morgana may be observed on hot days. For a Fata Morgana, temperature inversion has to be strong enough that light rays' curvatures within the inversion are stronger than the curvature of the Earth.[4][verification needed]
The rays will bend and create arcs. An observer needs to be within an atmospheric duct to be able to see a Fata Morgana.[5]Fata Morgana mirages may be observed from any altitude within the Earth'satmosphere, including from mountaintops or airplanes.[6][7]
Distortions of image and bending of light can produce spectacular effects. In his book Pursuit: The Chase and Sinking of the 'Bismarck', Ludovic Kennedy describes an incident that allegedly took place below the Denmark Strait during 1941, following the sinking of the Hood. The Bismarck, while pursued by the British cruisers Norfolk and Suffolk, passed out of sight into a sea mist. Within a matter of seconds, the ship re-appeared steaming toward the British ships at high speed. In alarm the cruisers separated, anticipating an imminent attack, and observers from both ships watched in astonishment as the German battleship fluttered, grew indistinct and faded away. Radar watch during these events indicated that the Bismarck had in fact made no changes of course.
Night-time mirages[edit]
The conditions for producing a mirage can occur at night as well as during the day. Under some circumstances mirages of astronomical objects and mirages of lights from moving vehicles, aircraft, ships, buildings, etc. can be observed at night.[3]
Mirage of astronomical objects[edit]
A mirage of an astronomical object is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce distorted or multiple images of an astronomical object. Mirages can be observed for such astronomical objects as the Sun, the Moon, the planets, bright stars, and very bright comets. The most commonly observed are sunset and sunrise mirages.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles; Livingston, William (2001-06-11). Color and Light in Nature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-77504-5.
- ^'Definition of Mirage'. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
- ^ abDavid K. Lynch & William Livingston (2001). Color and Light in Nature (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN978-0-521-77504-5.
- ^ abAn Introduction to Mirages by Andy Young
- ^SDSU.edu, 'Atmospheric Optics Glossary' by Andy Young
- ^Durst and Bull (1956). Met. Mag. 85. pp. 237–242.
- ^Andrew, Young. Annotated bibliography of mirages, green flashes, atmospheric refraction, etc.
External links[edit]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mirages. |
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| Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mirage. |
- Bowley, Roger (2009). 'Mirages'. Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
Q:'Hi, I am a Korean Drama enthusiast. And I'd love to kill my spare time watching Korean dramas and movies. But sometimes I couldn't download my beloved Korean Drama since the sites only allow users to watch them online or download with a cost. I am willing to find a free website to download Korean drama. Where can I download Korean dramas for free, then?'
Outline
Part 1: Five latest Korean dramas of 2020
OK this year has come out with many spectacular Korean dramas on either internet or traditional television. Cannot wait to share my top 5 list with you!
No. 1 18 Again
I don’t know how many of you have ever encountered such feelings that you want to return back to teenager when you can do so much more meaningful to change the future life. In this 2020 drama, we can view that Hong Dae-Young has done that. Hong Dae-Young got fired from his job and he is looked down upon by his family. Meanwhile, Hong Dae-Young looks at himself as an ordinary jobless middle-aged man. He regrets his life. At that moment, his body changes into that of an 18-year-old year old person, while his mind is still that of his 37-year-old self. All have not been achieved have been achieved back to his 18 as at that time Hong Dae-Young was an excellent basketball player and also popular.
No.2 More Than Friends
Well for fans of Ong Seong-wu, this Korean drama cannot be missed. It’s been aired on JTBC from September 25 to November 28, 2020. You can still watch them on television now. More Than Friends is a South Korean television series starring Ong Seong-wu, Shin Ye-eun and Kim Dong-jun. This drama will bring you so much joyfulness during the year.
No.3 My Dangerous Wife
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Starring Kim Jung-eun, and Choi Won-young, My Dangerous Wife is a 2020 South Korean television series popular around the entire Asian world and extending to western world. It was premiered on MBN on October 5, 2020. It is the Korean adaptation of the 2016 Japanese television series Boku no Yabai Tsuma.
No. 4 The Zombie Detective
Train to Busan is a typical Korean zombie movie, attracting global attention after its release and has won a series of global prizes. Likewise, The Zombie Detective is a popular Korean drama featuring the zombie theme. A zombie and a writer team up to solve crimes in this thrilling drama that explores what happens when someone actually comes back to life. After being secretly buried on a hill, Moo Young comes back to life as a zombie thanks to illegally dumped medical waste.
No.5 Tale of the Nine-Tailed
This latest Korean drama comes out on October 7, 2020 and gets updated every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:30 on tvN. Tale of the Nine Tailed is a South Korean television drama starring Lee Do ng-wook, Jo Bo-ah and Kim Bum. It would be fun and relaxing to watch this Korean drama before going to bed.
There are some great sites to download Korean drama for free that may help you. Known so many Korean movie download sites free, I'd like to give you a list of the top 10 sites. Now feel free to stop here and get some references.
Part 2: Ten websites to download Korean dramas
To enjoy Korean Drama website download efficiently, you might be appreciated the following list of websites that are selected from a variety of site sources. The best Korean drama free download site mentioned here is advantageous to some extent. Let's learn more about them.
KissAsian is a classic video website that offers the newest and top-rated Korean dramas. You can find a large number of Korea dramas from all categories like action, love sequence, suspense, etc. You are going to love this website since it offers clear drama and simple download link for you when you sign in so as to get your favourite drama downloaded without any malwares. Besides, the dramas here are daily updated and the latest Korea movies are available here as well. As the best Korean drama free download site, you will get so much fun here.
Dramago is also an attractive website where lists tons of Korean dramas as well as some Japanese and Chinese dramas. On Dramago, almost all the latest Korean Dramas are available and they keep updated everyday. The matters you need notice is that it only offers dramas and it will jump to the Yourupload, a related website to download Korean drama.
Another website to download Korean dramas for free is Dramafire. It offers a lot of dramas from in different language including not only Korean dramas but also Japanese and other Asian dramas. Besides, I recommend this site because it provides you the latest dramas in high definition quality format. However, when you prefer a site for Korean dramas free download with English titles, you should go to dramafire.info which is particularly accessible for downloading the episode with English titles.
Providing tons of newly filmed Korea dramas, Dramabeans is one of the best websites I often used lately. On this website, the latest Korean dramas and the appealing comments for the newly corresponding drama got me engaged in this site. However, you are not able to actually stream or download Korea dramas from this website directly. To be joyful, you can still regard it as the best Korean drama free download site since there is Video Downloader for help. We’ll talk about it later.
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NewAsianTV is a professional website to download the Asian movies and episodes. Of course, the Korean movies and dramas can be included. It is regarded as the center of Korean movies which has a simple interface and easy downloading steps with good format. However, this website is not available in every country.
To watch Korean dramas outside of Korea, especially with English subtitles, it is recommended to use Gooddrama. This website has a well organized and filtered method of showcasing the drama list so you will easily locate what you like here.
As a site dedicated to KPop and K-drama fans all over the world, you will get satisfied to find out so many incredible and exciting Korean dramas available here. It is neat and it won’t prompt adware everywhere on the website.
Like its slogan goes, how to watch drama Asian on Android? No ads. No popup. Fast streaming. Boxasian will be your best partner. Plus, it will also provide an array of other exciting dramas from Asia to fans all over the world. Not only Korean dramas but also dramas from other Asian countries will be provided.
To catch up with the latest dramas produced from entire Asia, it is a good choice to watch them on Dramacool. Viewers will get an extremely fantastic experience to watch Korean, Taiwanese, Hong Kong, and Chinese dramas with understandable subtitles.
Rakuten Viki is an American video streaming website and it well accommodates Asian TV shows and movies online for FREE. It is always a pleasure to watch Korean dramas, Chinese dramas, Taiwanese dramas, Japanese dramas, Kpop & Kdrama news and events by Soompi, and original productions here.
Part 3: How to download with Video Downloader
There are a large number of video sites that only allow users to view or share dramas, TV shows or movies rather than download them, such as Dramabeans, YouTube, etc. On this occasion, Video Downloader will offer you a good favor. Leawo Video Downloader is a powerful program which is particularly designed to download various videos, dramas or movies from over 1000 video sites, like downloading YouTube MP4 video. Absolutely, you will be able to make almost every video site offering Korean dramas as Korean drama download sites with the Video Downloader installed. To get Korean movies download sites free, you can follow the simple steps below:
Step 1: Add URL of the Korean Drama
There is a built-in browser in Video Downloader program. You can directly search the Korean drama or just add the target Korean drama by pasting its URL.
Note: Before downloading, please make sure that you select a folder to save the downloaded drama on the Settings panel. Then click “OK” to confirm the settings.
Step 2: Download the drama
Click the green arrow on the right side of the interface to pop up a sidebar where all the drama in different resolutions and formats will be listed. Then you can choose the proper one you need and click the 'Download' icon.
Step 3: Manage the drama
Now the program is downloading the drama. During the downloading, you can still watch the drama on the interface. Or you can check the downloading drama on the downloading panel.
Once completed, you are allowed to manage the drama on the downloaded panel.
Then, you can watch the downloaded drama right away on this program or use Blu-ray player to enjoy the drama freely and clearly.
Part 4: Use free Blu-ray player to enjoy Korean Drama
To get the best watching experience with your obtained drama from Korean drama download sites, you have to apply a powerful media player. And Leawo Blu-ray Player is a free all-in-on media player providing you the cinema-like watching experience, which would be one of your best choice since it is quite easy to be handled. After downloading and installing the Blu-ray player, you can launch Leawo Blu-ray Player first. Then add the episodes to the playlist of Leawo Blu-ray Player by clicking the 'Open file' button. Then the Blu-ray player can automatically play them for you with the best quality retained. Moreover, the Blu-ray player features customization for the drama. If needed, you are able to set the related audio and video parameters of the source drama freely.
Eventually, there are websites to download Korean drama recommended for entertainment. What's more, as the alternative solution, Leawo Video Downloader is offered as well when you cannot directly download Korean drama online and prefer to downloading Korean movies or dramas. And the captivating Blu-ray player brings you more enjoyment in playing the downloaded dramas. So just enjoy yourself with Korean drama free download website from now on.